Excerpt from the book HERALDRY OF THE WORLD Written and illustrated by Carl Alexander von Volborth , K.St.J., A.I.H. Copenhagen 1973 Internet version edited by Andrew Andersen, Ph.D.
	Scotland (pp. 69-72 and 192-194) Great Britain differs from other countries in that there are heraldic officers who still perform their function, and heraldic regulations which still pertain. This latter is particularly true of Scotland. The heraldic authorities hold the view that no coat of arms can be assumed as a matter of course; it must be assigned or be confirmed by them. Some heraldists insist that a legally granted coat of arms endows the bearer with a form of nobility, but this is not generally accepted (see p. 181). The College of Arms controls England's heraldic administration. At its head is the Earl Marshal, an office which is hereditary in the family of the Dukes of Norfolk (Fig. 291). The most important of the heraldic officials proper is Garter King of Arms (see p. 180). In Scotland Lord Lyon King of Arms (his name is taken from the royal arms of Scotland) is the highest heraldic authority. His is a royal appointment and he himself appoints the other Scottish heralds and pursuivants (see p. 180). In England all kings of arms, heralds and pursuivants are appointed by the reigning sovereign. Ulster King of Arms formerly had authority over the whole of Ireland. Now his jurisdiction is limited to Northern Ireland (the office being combined with that of Norroy King of Arms), while the Republic of Ireland (Eire) has its own Chief Herald of Ireland. Another thing particular to Britain is the title of baronet which ranks below the peerage. A baronet inherits the title of Sir, in contrast to a knight, who only holds this title during his own lifetime. Baronets and knights bear the same characteristic helmet in their arms: set affronty with raised visor (see Figs 48, 318, 327 and 329). The rank of baronet was introduced in 1611 by King James I in connection with the conquest and colonisation of Ulster, and this is why the arms of baronets (other than those of Nova Scotia) include a small shield with a red hand on a white field (Figs 330, 331 and 332), derived from the coat of arms of Ulster (see Fig. 375). From 1625 certain Scottish baronets were given the attribute ‘of Novia Scotia’ in connection with the colonisation of this region on Canada’s Atlantic coast (see Fig. 364). Helmets are used according to strict rules. The royal helmet, borne by Queen Elizabeth and the royal princes, is a barred helmet in gold, set affronty (Fig. 225). Peers bear silver or steel-coloured barred helmets with gold ornamentation, in profile, so that five bars can be seen (Figs 57, 272, 313, 322 and 328). The helmets of baronets and knights have already been mentioned. On the first rung of the ladder of rank is the gentleman or esquire (the two ranks were previously distinct and to some extent still are), who bears a steel-coloured tournament helm, set in profile (see Figs 333, 337, 338, 376, 385 and 386). Formerly a visored helmet was often used as shown on p. 19, but nowadays the jousting helm without visor is generally preferred. The inside of a helmet is usually red but may be of other colours. If there are two or more helmets they generally face the same way, i.e. to the dexter (see Fig. 57), not towards one another as is the style on the Continent. The rule about the position of the helmet - in profile or en face - depends on the owner’s rank and often makes it difficult for the heraldic artist to make sense of a coat of arms: a baronet’s helmet should be depicted en face, even though the corresponding crest should really be shown from the side; a peer’s as well as a gentleman’s helmet is usually shown in profile, regardless of whether the corresponding crest might best be shown en face. In Scotland gentlemen bear a barrel helm (Figs 36, 38 and 317), barons and the heads of clans, the tournament helmet (a baron in Scotland is not a peer but someone who has certain feudal rights). The mantling in the arms of Queen Elizabeth and the Prince of Wales is gold on the outside, ermine on the inside (Fig. 225). The other members of the royal family wear gold lined with silver. In Scotland peers and certain high officials have red mantling lined with ermine (Fig. 366), while the wreath is of the livery colours, i.e. the shield’s principal metal and colour. Otherwise the mantling is usually of the livery colours. In Ireland the mantling is often red with white lining (see Figs 376, 385 and 386). In Scotland a motto is considered an essential component of the arms and it is normally set above the crest (Fig. 317). The heads of clans and certain other people can also bear the clan’s war cry, the slogan, which is sometimes the same as the motto. When there are two mottoes the second may be set below the shield if the blazon so specifies. In England a motto is not considered an essential part of the arms and there are no rules for its position, though it is generally placed below the shield. In Great Britain supporters are used as a special mark of distinction only accorded to specific categories of persons or institutions. In England they are reserved for the royal family, secular peers (bishops and archbishops do not have supporters), Knights of the Garter, and Knights Grand Cross of other orders, and also for boroughs, counties and certain institutions (Figs 272, 313, 323, 328 and 336). In Scotland supporters are more common, but must nevertheless be officially registered. Apart from the English categories already mentioned they can also be awarded to the heads of clans and certain ancient families, feudal barons and their eldest sons, Kinghts of the Thistle, and other persons of special merit at the discretion of Lyon King of Arms (Figs 348 and 366). Crowns and coronets are in Great Britain generally used only by the royal family and the peerage. They are placed above the shield (see Figs 57, 313, 322, 328 and 366). The coronet usually encloses a crimson cap topped by a gold tassel and edged at the base with ermine which is visible below the coronet (p. 68). The helmet and the crest are placed above the coronet (Figs 57 and 313). In Belgium the coronet is borne in a similar way (Figs 422 and 423), but most other countries either do not use coronets together with helmet and crest or else set the coronet on the helmet (Sweden, Poland, Italy, Spain, France). In Central Europe both titled and untitled nobility and sometimes commoners too use a coronet on the helmet which is not a sign of rank (see pp. 18 and 40), but in Great Britain this is rare. In Scotland a crowned helmet can be granted to the heads of certain families. Feudal barons can bear a chapeau or ‘cap of maintenance’ (see Fig. 217). Members of Scottish clans who themselves have no right to a coat of arms can wear the crest of their chief as a badge within a belt bearing the chiefs motto (see Fig. 361), as a rule in the form of a metal brooch pinned to a cap. A clansman who himself has a right to arms and a motto (Gaelic: duine uasail) can bear this or the motto of the head of his clan, as well as an eagle’s feather if he is the head of his house (Fig. 360), and the same goes for the chieftain of a sept except that he wears two feathers (Fig. 359). Three feathers indicate the chief of the clan. In Fig. 358 a peer’s coronet is also included because the man in this case is also a lord, which the chief of a clan is not bound to be. This shows Lord Reay’s badge, as chief of the Clan Mackay. The three other cap-badges are: Fig. 359, Macneill of Colonsay; Fig. 360, Irving of Balgownie; Fig. 361, Davidson of Tulloch. The badges representing plants on the same page belong to the following clans: Fig. 353, Kennedy, Macduff and Stewart; Fig. 354, Drummond, Macmillan and Maclnnes; Fig. 355, Macleod, Macnicol and Ross; Fig. 356, Hay; Fig. 357, Gordon. The thistle, Fig. 352, is Scotland’s national flower. Another special feature of British heraldry is the system of distinguishing various members of the same family with the aid of individual marks of difference introduced into the basic coat (p. 72). The idea behind it is that a coat of arms should identify its bearer, so that a father and son, or two brothers, do not have exactly the same arms. Similar ‘cadency marks’ have been used on the Continent usually, but not always, among princes and the high aristocracy, but they have never been popular and in most countries went out of use long ago. In Scotland each person who has a coat of arms must have it registered, even though it may have been inherited, and on registration Lord Lyon King of Arms stipulates a difference in conformity with an official system (see Fig. 371). But the truth is probably that comparatively few people take the trouble to register their arms, and it would be too involved to compel them to do so (although in theory Lord Lyon could do so legally).